Difference between revisions of "The origin and formation of the Universe, the Solar System, and the Earth"

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<img style="width: 520pt" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Geologic_Clock_with_events_and_periods.svg" />
 
<img style="width: 520pt" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Geologic_Clock_with_events_and_periods.svg" />
  
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{| class="wikitable collapsible" style="clear:both;margin:0; font-size:95%"
+
Table of geologic time: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologic_time_scale#Table_of_geologic_time
−
|-
 
−
! [[Supereon (geology)|Supereon]]
 
−
! [[Eon (geology)|Eon]]
 
−
! [[Era (geology)|Era]]
 
−
! [[Period (geology)|Period]]{{efn|Paleontologists often refer to [[faunal stage]]s rather than geologic (geological) periods. The stage nomenclature is quite complex. For a time-ordered list of faunal stages, see.<ref name="faunal-stages">{{cite web |url=http://flatpebble.nceas.ucsb.edu/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=startScale |title=The Paleobiology Database |accessdate=2006-03-19 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060211234211/http://flatpebble.nceas.ucsb.edu/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=startScale |archivedate=11 February 2006 |df=dmy }}</ref>}}
 
−
! [[Epoch (geology)|Epoch]]
 
−
! [[Age (geology)|Age]]{{efn|name="uncertain-dates"}}
 
−
! Major events
 
−
! Start, million years ago{{efn|name="uncertain-dates"|Dates are slightly uncertain with differences of a few percent between various sources being common. This is largely due to uncertainties in [[radiometric dating]] and the problem that deposits suitable for radiometric dating seldom occur exactly at the places in the geologic column where they would be most useful. The dates and errors quoted above are according to the [[International Commission on Stratigraphy]] 2015 time scale except the Hadean eon. Where errors are not quoted, errors are less than the precision of the age given.<br /><br /><nowiki>*</nowiki> indicates boundaries where a [[Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point]] has been internationally agreed upon.}}
 
−
|-
 
−
|rowspan="102" style="background:#ffffff"| n/a{{efn|References to the "Post-Cambrian Supereon" are not universally accepted, and therefore must be considered unofficial.}}
 
−
|rowspan="102" style="background:{{period color|Phanerozoic}}"| [[Phanerozoic]]
 
−
|rowspan="24" style="background:{{period color|Cenozoic}}"| [[Cenozoic]]{{efn|Historically, the [[Cenozoic]] has been divided up into the [[Quaternary]] and [[Tertiary]] sub-eras, as well as the [[Neogene]] and [[Paleogene]] periods. The  2009 version of the ICS time chart<ref name="cenozoic-division">{{cite web |url=http://www.stratigraphy.org/upload/ISChart2009.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-12-23 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229003212/http://www.stratigraphy.org/upload/ISChart2009.pdf |archivedate=29 December 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> recognizes a slightly extended Quaternary as well as the Paleogene and a truncated Neogene, the Tertiary having been demoted to informal status.}}
 
−
|rowspan="7" style="background:{{period color|Quaternary}}"| [[Quaternary]]
 
−
|rowspan="3" style="background:{{period color|Holocene}}"| [[Holocene]]
 
−
|style="background:#fcf0f2"|[[Meghalayan]]
 
−
|[[4.2 kiloyear event]], [[Little Ice Age]], increasing [[Industrial Revolution|industrial]] [[Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere|CO<sub>2</sub>]].
 
−
|style="background:#fcf0f2"| {{Period start|meghalayan}}<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:#fcf0e8"| [[Northgrippian]]
 
−
|[[8.2 kiloyear event]], [[Holocene climatic optimum]]. [[Bronze Age]].
 
−
|style="background:#fcf0e8"| {{Period start|northgrippian}}<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:#fcf0de"| [[Greenlandian]]
 
−
|Current [[interglacial]] begins. [[Sea level]] flooding of [[Doggerland]] and [[Sundaland]]. [[Sahara]] desert forms. [[Neolithic Revolution|Neolithic agriculture]].
 
−
|style="background:#fcf0de"| {{Period start|greenlandian}}<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|rowspan="4" style="background:{{period color|Pleistocene}}"| [[Pleistocene]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Upper Pleistocene}}"| [[Late Pleistocene|Late]] ''('[[Tarantian]]')''
 
−
|[[Eemian]] [[interglacial]], [[Last glacial period]], ending with [[Younger Dryas]]. [[Toba catastrophe theory|Toba eruption]]. [[Quaternary extinction event|Megafauna extinction]].
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|upper Pleistocene}}"| {{Period start|Late pleistocene}}
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Middle Pleistocene}}"| [[Chibanian]]
 
−
|High amplitude [[100,000-year problem|100 ka]] [[Glacial period|glacial cycles]]. Rise of [[Homo sapiens]].
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Middle Pleistocene}}"| {{Period start|middle pleistocene}}
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Calabrian}}"| [[Early Pleistocene|Calabrian]]
 
−
|Further cooling of the climate. Spread of [[Homo erectus]].
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Calabrian}}"| {{Period start|calabrian}}<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Gelasian}}"| [[Gelasian]]
 
−
|Start of [[Quaternary glaciation]]s. Rise of the [[Pleistocene megafauna]] and [[Homo habilis]].
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Gelasian}}"| {{Period start|gelasian}}<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|rowspan="8" style="background:{{period color|Neogene}}"| [[Neogene]]
 
−
|rowspan="2" style="background:{{period color|Pliocene}}"| [[Pliocene]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Piacenzian}}"| [[Piacenzian]]
 
−
|[[Greenland ice sheet]] develops.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2005.06.020 |title=Final closure of Panama and the onset of northern hemisphere glaciation |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |volume=237 |issue=1–2 |pages=33–44 |year=2005 |last1=Bartoli |first1=G |last2=Sarnthein |first2=M |last3=Weinelt |first3=M |last4=Erlenkeuser |first4=H |last5=Garbe-Schönberg |first5=D |last6=Lea |first6=D.W |bibcode=2005E&PSL.237...33B |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Australopithecus]] common in East Africa.<ref name="auto">{{cite web | title=NOVA, Aliens from Earth: Who's who in human evolution | last=Tyson | first=Peter |date=October 2009 | publisher=PBS | accessdate=2009-10-08 | url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/hobbit/tree-nf.html}}</ref>
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Piacenzian}}"| {{Period start|piacenzian}}<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Zanclean}}"| [[Zanclean]]
 
−
|[[Zanclean flood]]ing of the [[Mediterranean Basin]]. Cooling climate. [[Ardipithecus]] in Africa.<ref name="auto"/>
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Zanclean}}"| {{Period start|zanclean}}<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|rowspan="6" style="background:{{period color|Miocene}}"| [[Miocene]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Messinian}}"| [[Messinian]]
 
−
|rowspan="2" |[[Messinian Event]] with hypersaline lakes in empty [[Mediterranean Basin]].  [[Greenhouse and Icehouse Earth|Moderate Icehouse climate]], punctuated by [[ice age]]s and re-establishment of [[East Antarctic Ice Sheet]]; Gradual separation of [[Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor|human and chimpanzee ancestors]]. [[Sahelanthropus tchadensis]] in Africa.
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Messinian}}"| {{Period start|messinian}}<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Tortonian}}"| [[Tortonian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Tortonian}}"| {{Period start|tortonian}}<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Serravallian}}"| [[Serravallian]]
 
−
|rowspan="2" |Warmer during [[Eocene|middle Miocene climate optimum]].<ref> https://digitalcommons.bryant.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1010&context=honors_science </ref> Extinctions in [[middle Miocene disruption]].
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Serravallian}}"| {{Period start|serravallian}}<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Langhian}}"| [[Langhian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Langhian}}"| {{Period start|langhian}}
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Burdigalian}}"| [[Burdigalian]]
 
−
|rowspan="2" |[[Orogeny]] in [[Northern Hemisphere]]. Start of [[Kaikoura Orogeny]] forming [[Southern Alps in New Zealand]]. Widespread forests slowly [[photosynthesis|draw in]] massive amounts of CO<sub>2</sub>, gradually lowering the level of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> from 650 ppmv down to around 100 ppmv during the Miocene.<ref name="Royer">{{cite journal |last1=Royer |title={{CO2}}-forced climate thresholds during the Phanerozoic |journal=Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta |volume=70 |pages=5665–75 |year=2006 |url=http://droyer.web.wesleyan.edu/PhanCO2%28GCA%29.pdf |doi=10.1016/j.gca.2005.11.031 |first1=Dana L. |issue=23 |bibcode=2006GeCoA..70.5665R |access-date=6 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927033455/http://droyer.web.wesleyan.edu/PhanCO2%28GCA%29.pdf |archive-date=27 September 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{efn|name="atmospheric-carbon-dioxide"|For more information on this, see [[Atmosphere of Earth#Evolution of Earth's atmosphere]], [[Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere]], and [[Climate variability and change|climate change]]. Specific graphs of reconstructed CO<sub>2</sub> levels over the past ~550, 65, and 5 million years can be seen at [[:File:Phanerozoic Carbon Dioxide.png]], [[:File:65 Myr Climate Change.png]], [[:File:Five Myr Climate Change.png]], respectively.}} Modern [[mammal]] and bird families become recognizable. [[Equidae|Horses]] and [[mastodon]]s diverse. [[Grass]]es become ubiquitous. Ancestor of [[apes]], including humans.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.livescience.com/60093-last-common-ancestor-of-apes-humans-revealed.html | title=Here's What the Last Common Ancestor of Apes and Humans Looked Like}}</ref>
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Burdigalian}}"| {{Period start|burdigalian}}
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Aquitanian}}"| [[Aquitanian age|Aquitanian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Aquitanian}}"| {{Period start|aquitanian}}<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|rowspan="9" style="background:{{period color|Paleogene}}"| [[Paleogene]]
 
−
|rowspan="2" style="background:{{period color|Oligocene}}"| [[Oligocene]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Chattian}}"| [[Chattian]]
 
−
|rowspan="2"| [[Eocene–Oligocene extinction event|Grande Coupure]] extinction. Start of widespread [[Late Cenozoic Ice Age|Antarctic glaciation]].<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1038/nature01290|pmid = 12529638| title=Rapid Cenozoic glaciation of Antarctica induced by declining atmospheric CO2| journal=Nature| volume=421| issue=6920| pages=245–249| year=2003| last1=Deconto| first1=Robert M.| last2=Pollard| first2=David|bibcode = 2003Natur.421..245D|s2cid = 4326971}}</ref> Rapid [[evolution]] and diversification of fauna, especially [[mammal]]s. Major evolution and dispersal of modern types of [[flowering plant]]s
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Chattian}}"| {{Period start|chattian}}
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Rupelian}}"| [[Rupelian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Rupelian}}"| {{Period start|rupelian}}<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|rowspan="4" style="background:{{period color|Eocene}}"| [[Eocene]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Priabonian}}"| [[Priabonian]]
 
−
|rowspan="3"| [[Greenhouse and Icehouse Earth|Moderate, cooling climate]]. Archaic [[mammal]]s (e.g. [[Creodont]]s, "[[Condylarth]]s", [[Uintatheriidae|Uintatheres]], etc.) flourish and continue to develop during the epoch. Appearance of several "modern" mammal families. Primitive [[Cetacea|whales]] diversify. Reglaciation of Antarctica and formation of its [[ice cap]]; End of [[Laramide Orogeny|Laramide]] and [[Sevier orogeny|Sevier Orogenies]] of the [[Rocky Mountains]] in North America. [[Orogeny]] of the [[Alps]] in Europe begins. [[Hellenic orogeny|Hellenic Orogeny]] begins in Greece and [[Aegean Sea]].
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Priabonian}}"| {{Period start|priabonian}}
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Bartonian}}"| [[Bartonian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Bartonian}}"| {{Period start|bartonian}}
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Lutetian}}"| [[Lutetian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Lutetian}}"| {{Period start|lutetian}}<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Ypresian}}"| [[Ypresian]]
 
−
|Two transient events of global warming ([[Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum|PETM]] and [[Eocene Thermal Maximum 2|ETM-2]]) and warming climate until the [[Eocene Climatic Optimum]]. The [[Azolla event]] decreased CO<sub>2</sub> levels from 3500 ppm to 650 ppm, setting the stage for a long period of cooling.<ref name="Royer" />{{efn| name="atmospheric-carbon-dioxide"}} [[Indian Subcontinent]] collides with Asia and starts [[Geology of the Himalaya|Himalayan Orogeny]].
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Ypresian}}"| {{Period start|ypresian}}<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|rowspan="3" style="background:{{period color|Paleocene}}"| [[Paleocene]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Thanetian}}"| [[Thanetian]]
 
−
|rowspan="3"| Starts with [[Chicxulub impact]] and the [[K-Pg extinction event]]. [[Greenhouse and Icehouse Earth|Climate tropical]]. Modern plants appear; [[Mammal]]s diversify into a number of lineages following the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs. First large mammals (up to [[bear]] or small [[hippopotamus|hippo]] size). [[Alpine orogeny]] in Europe and Asia begins.
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Thanetian}}"| {{Period start|thanetian}}<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Selandian}}"| [[Selandian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Selandian}}"| {{Period start|selandian}}<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Danian}}"| [[Danian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Danian}}"| {{Period start|danian}}<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|rowspan="30" style="background:{{period color|Mesozoic}}"| [[Mesozoic]]
 
−
|rowspan="12" style="background:{{period color|Cretaceous}}" | [[Cretaceous]]
 
−
|rowspan="6" style="background:{{period color|Late Cretaceous}}"| [[Late Cretaceous|Late]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Maastrichtian}}"| [[Maastrichtian]]
 
−
|rowspan="12"| [[Flowering plant]]s proliferate, along with new types of [[insect]]s. More modern [[teleost]] fish begin to appear. [[Ammonoidea]], [[Belemnoidea|belemnites]], [[rudist]] [[Bivalvia|bivalve]]s, [[Echinoidea|echinoid]]s and [[Porifera|sponges]] all common. Many new types of [[dinosaur]]s (e.g. [[Tyrannosauridae|Tyrannosaurs]], [[Titanosauridae|Titanosaurs]], [[Hadrosauridae|Hadrosaurs]], and [[Ceratopsidae|Ceratopsids]]) evolve on land, as do [[Eusuchia]] ([[Crocodilia|modern crocodilians]]); and [[mosasaur]]s and modern [[shark]]s appear in the sea. Birds toothed and toothless coexist with [[pterosaurs]]. [[Monotremes]], [[marsupial]]s and [[Eutheria|placental]] mammals appear. Break up of [[Gondwana]]. Beginning of [[Laramide Orogeny|Laramide]] and [[Sevier Orogeny|Sevier Orogenies]] of the [[Rocky Mountains]]. [[Atmosphere of Earth|atmospheric]] CO<sub>2</sub> close to present-day levels.
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Maastrichtian}}"| {{Period start|maastrichtian}} ±&nbsp;0.2<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Campanian}}"| [[Campanian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Campanian}}"| {{Period start|campanian}} ±&nbsp;0.2
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Santonian}}"| [[Santonian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Santonian}}"| {{Period start|santonian}} ±&nbsp;0.5<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Coniacian}}"| [[Coniacian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Coniacian}}"| {{Period start|coniacian}} ±&nbsp;0.3
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Turonian}}"| [[Turonian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Turonian}}"| {{Period start|turonian}}<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Cenomanian}}"| [[Cenomanian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Cenomanian}}"| {{Period start|cenomanian}}<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|rowspan="6" style="background:{{period color|Early Cretaceous}}"| [[Early Cretaceous|Early]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Albian}}"| [[Albian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Albian}}"| ~{{Period start|albian}}
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Aptian}}"| [[Aptian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Aptian}}"| ~{{Period start|aptian}}
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Barremian}}"| [[Barremian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Barremian}}"| ~{{Period start|barremian}}
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Hauterivian}}"| [[Hauterivian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Hauterivian}}"| ~{{Period start|hauterivian}}
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Valanginian}}"| [[Valanginian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Valanginian}}"| ~{{Period start|valanginian}}
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Berriasian}}"| [[Berriasian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Berriasian}}"| ~{{Period start|berriasian}}
 
−
|-
 
−
|rowspan="11" style="background:{{period color|Jurassic}}"| [[Jurassic]]
 
−
|rowspan="3" style="background:{{period color|Late Jurassic}}"| [[Late Jurassic|Late]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Tithonian}}"| [[Tithonian]]
 
−
|rowspan="11"| [[Gymnosperm]]s (especially [[conifer]]s, [[Bennettitales]] and [[cycad]]s) and [[fern]]s common. Many types of [[dinosaur]]s, such as [[sauropod]]s, [[carnosaur]]s, and [[stegosaur]]s. Mammals common but small. First birds and [[Squamata|lizards]]. [[Ichthyosaur]]s and [[plesiosaur]]s diverse. [[Bivalvia|Bivalve]]s, [[Ammonite]]s and [[Belemnoidea|belemnites]] abundant. [[Sea urchin]]s very common, along with [[crinoid]]s, starfish, [[Porifera|sponges]], and [[Terebratulida|terebratulid]] and [[Rhynchonellida|rhynchonellid]] [[brachiopod]]s. Breakup of [[Pangaea]] into [[Gondwana]] and [[Laurasia]]. [[Nevadan orogeny]] in North America. [[Rangitata Orogeny|Rangitata]] and [[Cimmerian Orogeny|Cimmerian orogenies]] taper off. Atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> levels 3&ndash;4 times the present day levels (1200&ndash;1500 ppmv, compared to today's 400 ppmv<ref name="Royer" />{{efn|name="atmospheric-carbon-dioxide"}}).
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Tithonian}}"| {{Period start|tithonian}} ±&nbsp;0.9
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Kimmeridgian}}"| [[Kimmeridgian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Kimmeridgian}}"| {{Period start|kimmeridgian}} ±&nbsp;1.0
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Oxfordian}}"| [[Oxfordian stage|Oxfordian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Oxfordian}}"| {{Period start|oxfordian}} ±&nbsp;1.0
 
−
|-
 
−
|rowspan="4" style="background:{{period color|Middle Jurassic}}"| [[Middle Jurassic|Middle]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Callovian}}"| [[Callovian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Callovian}}"| {{Period start|callovian}} ±&nbsp;1.2
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Bathonian}}"| [[Bathonian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Bathonian}}"| {{Period start|bathonian}} ±&nbsp;1.3<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Bajocian}}"| [[Bajocian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Bajocian}}"| {{Period start|bajocian}} ±&nbsp;1.4<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Aalenian}}"| [[Aalenian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Aalenian}}"| {{Period start|aalenian}} ±&nbsp;1.0<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|rowspan="4" style="background:{{period color|Early Jurassic}}"| [[Early Jurassic|Early]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Toarcian}}"| [[Toarcian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Toarcian}}"| {{Period start|toarcian}} ±&nbsp;0.7<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Pliensbachian}}"| [[Pliensbachian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Pliensbachian}}"| {{Period start|pliensbachian}} ±&nbsp;1.0<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Sinemurian}}"| [[Sinemurian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Sinemurian}}"| {{Period start|sinemurian}} ±&nbsp;0.3<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Hettangian}}"| [[Hettangian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Hettangian}}"| {{Period start|hettangian}} ±&nbsp;0.2<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|rowspan="7" style="background:{{period color|Triassic}}"| [[Triassic]]
 
−
|rowspan="3" style="background:{{period color|Late Triassic}}"| [[Late Triassic|Late]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Rhaetian}}"| [[Rhaetian]]
 
−
|rowspan="7"| [[Archosaur]]s dominant on land as [[dinosaur]]s and in the air as [[pterosaur]]s. [[Ichthyosaur]]s and [[nothosaur]]s dominate large marine fauna. [[Cynodont]]s become smaller and more mammal-like, while first [[mammal]]s and [[crocodilia]] appear. ''[[Dicroidium]]''flora common on land. Many large aquatic [[temnospondyli|temnospondyl]] amphibians. [[Ammonite|Ceratitic ammonoids]] extremely common. [[Scleractinia|Modern corals]] and [[teleost]] fish appear, as do many modern [[insect]] clades. [[Andes Mountains|Andean Orogeny]] in South America. [[Cimmerian Orogeny]] in Asia. [[Rangitata Orogeny]] begins in New Zealand. [[Hunter-Bowen Orogeny]] in [[Northern Australia]], Queensland and [[New South Wales]] ends, (c. 260&ndash;225 [[Year#SI prefix multipliers|Ma]])
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Rhaetian}}"| ~{{Period start|rhaetian}}
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Norian}}"| [[Norian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Norian}}"| ~{{Period start|norian}}
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Carnian}}"| [[Carnian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Carnian}}"| ~{{Period start|carnian}}<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|rowspan="2" style="background:{{period color|Middle Triassic}}"| [[Middle Triassic|Middle]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Ladinian}}"| [[Ladinian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Ladinian}}"| ~{{Period start|ladinian}}<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Anisian}}"| [[Anisian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Anisian}}"| {{Period start|anisian}}
 
−
|-
 
−
|rowspan="2" style="background:{{period color|Early Triassic}}"| [[Early Triassic|Early]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Olenekian}}"| [[Olenekian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Olenekian}}"| {{Period start|olenekian}}
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Induan}}"| [[Induan]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Induan}}"| {{Period start|induan}} ±&nbsp;0.06<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|rowspan="48" style="background:{{period color|Paleozoic}}"| [[Paleozoic]]
 
−
|rowspan="9" style="background:{{period color|Permian}}"| [[Permian]]
 
−
|rowspan="2" style="background:{{period color|Lopingian}}"| [[Lopingian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Changhsingian}}"| [[Changhsingian]]
 
−
|rowspan="9"| [[Landmass]]es unite into [[supercontinent]] [[Pangaea]], creating the [[Appalachian Mountains|Appalachian]]s. End of Permo-Carboniferous glaciation. [[Synapsida|Synapsid]]s including ([[pelycosaur]]s and [[therapsid]]s) become plentiful, while [[parareptile]]s and [[temnospondyli|temnospondyl]] [[amphibian]]s remain common. In the mid-Permian, [[coal]]-age flora are replaced by [[Conifer cone|cone]]-bearing [[gymnosperm]]s (the first true [[seed plants]]) and by the first true [[moss]]es. [[Beetles]] and [[Fly|flies]] evolve. Marine life flourishes in warm shallow reefs; [[Productida|productid]] and [[Spiriferida|spiriferid]] brachiopods, bivalves, [[foraminifera|foram]]s, and [[orthocerid|ammonoid]]s all abundant. [[Permian-Triassic extinction event]] occurs 251 [[Year#SI prefix multipliers|Ma]]: 95% of life on Earth becomes extinct, including all [[trilobite]]s, [[graptolite]]s, and [[blastoid]]s. [[Ouachita Orogeny|Ouachita]] and [[Innuitian orogeny|Innuitian orogenies]] in North America. [[Uralian orogeny]] in Europe/Asia tapers off. [[Altai Mountains|Altaid]] orogeny in Asia. [[Hunter-Bowen Orogeny]] on [[Australia (continent)|Australian continent]] begins (c. 260&ndash;225 [[Year#SI prefix multipliers|Ma]]), forming the [[MacDonnell Ranges]].
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Changhsingian}}"| {{Period start|changhsingian}} ±&nbsp;0.07<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Wuchiapingian}}"| [[Wuchiapingian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Wuchiapingian}}"| {{Period start|wuchiapingian}} ±&nbsp;0.4<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|rowspan="3" style="background:{{period color|Guadalupian}}"| [[Guadalupian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Capitanian}}"| [[Capitanian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Capitanian}}"| {{Period start|capitanian}} ±&nbsp;0.4<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Wordian}}"| [[Wordian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Wordian}}"| {{Period start|wordian}} ±&nbsp;0.5<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Roadian}}"| [[Roadian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Roadian}}"| {{Period start|roadian}} ±&nbsp;0.5<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|rowspan="4" style="background:{{period color|Cisuralian}}"| [[Cisuralian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Kungurian}}"| [[Kungurian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Kungurian}}"| {{Period start|kungurian}} ±&nbsp;0.6
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Artinskian}}"| [[Artinskian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Artinskian}}"| {{Period start|artinskian}} ±&nbsp;0.26
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Sakmarian}}"| [[Sakmarian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Sakmarian}}"| {{Period start|sakmarian}} ±&nbsp;0.18
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Asselian}}"| [[Asselian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Asselian}}"| {{Period start|asselian}} ±&nbsp;0.15<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|rowspan="7" style="background:{{period color|Carboniferous}}"| [[Carboniferous|Carbon-<br />iferous]]{{efn|In North America, the Carboniferous is subdivided into [[Mississippian (geology)|Mississippian]] and [[Pennsylvanian (geology)|Pennsylvanian]] Periods.}}
 
−
|rowspan="4" style="background:{{period color|Pennsylvanian}}"| [[Pennsylvanian (geology)|Pennsylvanian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Gzhelian}}"| [[Gzhelian]]
 
−
|rowspan="4"| [[Pterygota|Winged insects]] radiate suddenly; some (esp. [[Protodonata]] and [[Palaeodictyoptera]]) are quite large. [[Amphibian]]s common and diverse. First [[reptile]]s and [[coal]] forests ([[Lepidodendron|scale tree]]s, ferns, [[Sigillaria|club tree]]s, [[Calamites|giant horsetail]]s, ''[[Cordaites]]'', etc.). Highest-ever [[Atmosphere of Earth|atmospheric]] [[oxygen]] levels. [[Goniatite]]s, brachiopods, bryozoa, bivalves, and corals plentiful in the seas and oceans. Testate [[foram]]s proliferate. [[Uralian orogeny]] in Europe and Asia. [[Variscan orogeny]] occurs towards middle and late Mississippian Periods.
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Gzhelian}}"| {{Period start|gzhelian}} ±&nbsp;0.1
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Kasimovian}}"| [[Kasimovian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Kasimovian}}"| {{Period start|kasimovian}} ±&nbsp;0.1
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Moscovian}}"| [[Moscovian (Carboniferous)|Moscovian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Moscovian}}"| {{Period start|moscovian}} ±&nbsp;0.2
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Bashkirian}}"| [[Bashkirian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Bashkirian}}"| {{Period start|bashkirian}} ±&nbsp;0.4<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|rowspan="3" style="background:{{period color|Mississippian}}"|[[Mississippian (geology)|Mississippian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Serpukhovian}}"| [[Serpukhovian]]
 
−
|rowspan="3"| Large [[Lycopodiophyta|primitive tree]]s, first [[Tetrapoda|land vertebrate]]s, and amphibious [[eurypterid|sea-scorpion]]s live amid [[coal]]-forming coastal [[brackish water|swamp]]s. Lobe-finned [[rhizodont]]s are dominant big fresh-water predators. In the oceans, early [[Chondrichthyes|shark]]s are common and quite diverse; [[echinoderm]]s (especially [[crinoid]]s and [[blastoid]]s) abundant. [[Coral]]s, [[bryozoa]], [[Goniatitida|goniatite]]s and brachiopods ([[Productida]], [[Spiriferida]], etc.) very common, but [[Trilobita|trilobite]]s and [[nautiloid]]s decline. [[Glaciation]] in East [[Gondwana]]. [[Mayor Island/Tuhua|Tuhua Orogeny]] in New Zealand tapers off.
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Serpukhovian}}"| {{Period start|serpukhovian}} ±&nbsp;0.2
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|visean}}"| [[Viséan]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|visean}}"| {{Period start|visean}} ±&nbsp;0.4<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Tournaisian}}"| [[Tournaisian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Tournaisian}}"| {{Period start|tournaisian}} ±&nbsp;0.4<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|rowspan="7" style="background:{{period color|Devonian}}"| [[Devonian]]
 
−
|rowspan="2" style="background:{{period color|Late Devonian}}"| [[Late Devonian|Late]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Famennian}}"| [[Famennian]]
 
−
|rowspan="7"| First [[Lycopodiopsida|clubmoss]]es, [[Equisetophyta|horsetail]]s and [[fern]]s appear, as do the first [[seed]]-bearing plants ([[progymnosperm]]s), first trees (the progymnosperm ''[[Archaeopteris]]''), and first (wingless) [[insect]]s. [[Strophomenida|Strophomenid]] and [[Atrypida|atrypid]] [[brachiopod]]s, [[Rugosa|rugose]] and [[Tabulata|tabulate]] corals, and [[crinoid]]s are all abundant in the oceans. [[Goniatite]] [[Ammonite|ammonoids]] are plentiful, while squid-like [[Coleoidea|coleoids]] arise. Trilobites and armoured agnaths decline, while jawed fishes ([[Placodermi|placoderm]]s, [[Sarcopterygii|lobe-finned]] and [[Osteichthyes|ray-finned]] fish, and early [[Chondrichthyes|sharks]]) rule the seas. First [[tetrapod]]s still aquatic. "Old Red Continent" of [[Euramerica]]. Beginning of [[Acadian Orogeny]] for [[Atlas Mountains|Anti-Atlas Mountains]] of North Africa, and [[Appalachian Mountains]] of North America, also the [[Antler Orogeny|Antler]], [[Variscan Orogeny|Variscan]], and [[Mayor Island/Tuhua|Tuhua Orogeny]] in New Zealand.
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Famennian}}"| {{Period start|famennian}} ±&nbsp;1.6<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Frasnian}}"| [[Frasnian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Frasnian}}"| {{Period start|frasnian}} ±&nbsp;1.6<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|rowspan="2" style="background:{{period color|Middle Devonian}}"| [[Middle Devonian|Middle]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Givetian}}"| [[Givetian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Givetian}}"| {{Period start|givetian}} ±&nbsp;0.8<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Eifelian}}"| [[Eifelian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Eifelian}}"| {{Period start|eifelian}} ±&nbsp;1.2<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|rowspan="3" style="background:{{period color|Early Devonian}}"| [[Early Devonian|Early]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Emsian}}"| [[Emsian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Emsian}}"| {{Period start|emsian}} ±&nbsp;2.6<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Pragian}}"| [[Pragian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Pragian}}"| {{Period start|pragian}} ±&nbsp;2.8<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Lochkovian}}"| [[Lochkovian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Lochkovian}}"| {{Period start|lochkovian}} ±&nbsp;3.2<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|rowspan="8" style="background:{{period color|Silurian}}"| [[Silurian]]
 
−
|colspan="2" style="background:{{period color|Pridoli}}"| [[Pridoli epoch|Pridoli]]
 
−
|rowspan="8"| First [[vascular plant]]s (the [[rhyniophyte]]s and their relatives), first [[millipede]]s and [[Arthropleurida|arthropleurid]]s on land. First [[jawed fish]]es, as well as many [[ostracoderm|armoured]] [[agnatha|jawless fish]], populate the seas. [[Eurypterid|Sea-scorpions]] reach large size. [[Tabulate coral|Tabulate]] and [[Rugosa|rugose]] corals, [[brachiopod]]s (''Pentamerida'', [[Rhynchonellida]], etc.), and [[crinoid]]s all abundant. [[Trilobite]]s and [[mollusk]]s diverse; [[graptolite]]s not as varied. Beginning of [[Caledonian Orogeny]] for hills in England, Ireland, Wales, Scotland, and the [[Scandinavian Mountains]]. Also continued into Devonian period as the [[Acadian Orogeny]], above. [[Taconic Orogeny]] tapers off. [[Lachlan Orogeny]] on [[Australia (continent)|Australian continent]] tapers off.
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Pridoli}}"| {{Period start|pridoli}} ±&nbsp;2.3<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|rowspan="2" style="background:{{period color|Ludlow}}"| [[Ludlow epoch|Ludlow]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Ludfordian}}"| [[Ludfordian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Ludfordian}}"| {{Period start|ludfordian}} ±&nbsp;0.9<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Gorstian}}"| [[Gorstian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Gorstian}}"| {{Period start|gorstian}} ±&nbsp;0.5<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|rowspan="2" style="background:{{period color|Wenlock}}"| [[Wenlock epoch|Wenlock]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Homerian}}"| [[Homerian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Homerian}}"| {{Period start|homerian}} ±&nbsp;0.7<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Sheinwoodian}}"| [[Sheinwoodian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Sheinwoodian}}"| {{Period start|sheinwoodian}} ±&nbsp;0.8<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|rowspan="3" style="background:{{period color|Llandovery}}"| [[Llandovery epoch|Llandovery]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Telychian}}"| [[Telychian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Telychian}}"| {{Period start|telychian}} ±&nbsp;1.1<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Aeronian}}"| [[Aeronian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Aeronian}}"| {{Period start|aeronian}} ±&nbsp;1.2<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Rhuddanian}}"| [[Rhuddanian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Rhuddanian}}"| {{Period start|rhuddanian}} ±&nbsp;1.5<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|rowspan="7" style="background:{{period color|Ordovician}}"| [[Ordovician]]
 
−
|rowspan="3" style="background:{{period color|Late Ordovician}}"| [[Late Ordovician|Late]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Hirnantian}}"| [[Hirnantian]]
 
−
|rowspan="7"| [[Invertebrate]]s diversify into many new types (e.g., long [[orthoconic|straight-shelled]] [[orthocerida|cephalopods]]). Early [[coral]]s, articulate [[brachiopod]]s (''Orthida'', ''Strophomenida'', etc.), [[Bivalvia|bivalves]], [[nautiloid]]s, [[trilobite]]s, [[ostracod]]s, [[bryozoa]], many types of [[echinoderms]] ([[crinoid]]s, [[Cystoidea|cystoids]], [[Asteroidea|starfish]], etc.), branched [[graptolite]]s, and other taxa all common. [[Conodont]]s (early [[plankton]]ic [[vertebrate]]s) appear. First [[Embryophyte|green plant]]s and [[fungus|fungi]] on land. Ice age at end of period.
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Hirnantian}}"| {{Period start|hirnantian}}&nbsp;±&nbsp;1.4<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Katian}}"| [[Katian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Katian}}"| {{Period start|katian}}&nbsp;±&nbsp;0.7<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Sandbian}}"| [[Sandbian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Sandbian}}"| {{Period start|sandbian}}&nbsp;±&nbsp;0.9<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|rowspan="2" style="background:{{period color|Middle Ordovician}}"| [[Middle Ordovician|Middle]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Darriwilian}}"| [[Darriwilian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Darriwilian}}"| {{Period start|darriwilian}}&nbsp;±&nbsp;1.1<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Dapingian}}"| [[Dapingian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Dapingian}}"| {{Period start|dapingian}}&nbsp;±&nbsp;1.4<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|rowspan="2" style="background:{{period color|Early Ordovician}}"| [[Early Ordovician|Early]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Floian}}"| [[Floian]]<br />(formerly [[Arenig]])
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Floian}}"| {{Period start|floian}}&nbsp;±&nbsp;1.4<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Tremadocian}}"| [[Tremadocian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Tremadocian}}"| {{Period start|tremadocian}}&nbsp;±&nbsp;1.9<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|rowspan="10" style="background:{{period color|Cambrian}}"| [[Cambrian]]
 
−
|rowspan="3" style="background:{{period color|Furongian}}"| [[Furongian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Stage 10}}"| [[Cambrian Stage 10|Stage 10]]
 
−
|rowspan="10"| Major diversification of life in the [[Cambrian Explosion]]. Numerous fossils; most modern [[Animalia|animal]] [[Phylum|phyla]] appear. First [[chordate]]s appear, along with a number of extinct, problematic phyla. Reef-building [[Archaeocyatha]] abundant; then vanish. [[Trilobite]]s, [[priapulid]] worms, [[Porifera|sponges]], inarticulate [[brachiopod]]s (unhinged lampshells), and numerous other animals. [[Anomalocarid]]s are giant predators, while many Ediacaran fauna die out. [[Prokaryote]]s, [[protist]]s (e.g., [[foram]]s), [[fungus|fungi]] and [[algae]] continue to present day. [[Gondwana]] emerges. [[Petermann Orogeny]] on the [[Australia (continent)|Australian continent]] tapers off (550&ndash;535 [[Year#SI prefix multipliers|Ma]]). Ross Orogeny in Antarctica. [[Delamerian Orogeny]] (c. 514&ndash;490 Ma) and [[Lachlan Orogeny]] (c. 540&ndash;440 [[Year#SI prefix multipliers|Ma]]) on [[Australia (continent)|Australian continent]]. [[Atmosphere of Earth|Atmospheric]] CO<sub>2</sub> content roughly 15 times present-day ([[Holocene]]) levels (6000 ppmv compared to today's 400 ppmv)<ref name="Royer" />{{efn|name="atmospheric-carbon-dioxide"}}
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Stage 10}}"| ~489.5
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Jiangshanian}}"| [[Jiangshanian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Jiangshanian}}"| ~494<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Paibian}}"| [[Paibian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Paibian}}"| ~{{Period start|paibian}}<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|rowspan="3" style="background:{{period color|Series 3}}"| [[Miaolingian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Guzhangian}}"| [[Guzhangian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Guzhangian}}"| ~{{Period start|guzhangian}}<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Drumian}}"| [[Drumian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Drumian}}"| ~{{Period start|drumian}}<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Stage 5}}"| [[Wuliuan]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Stage 5}}"| ~{{Period start|cambrian stage 5}}
 
−
|-
 
−
|rowspan="2" style="background:{{period color|Series 2}}"| [[Cambrian Series 2|Series 2]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Stage 4}}"| [[Cambrian Stage 4|Stage 4]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Stage 4}}"| ~{{Period start|cambrian stage 4}}
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Stage 3}}"| [[Cambrian Stage 3|Stage 3]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Stage 3}}"| ~{{Period start|cambrian stage 3}}
 
−
|-
 
−
|rowspan="2" style="background:{{period color|Terreneuvian}}"| [[Terreneuvian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Stage 2}}"| [[Cambrian Stage 2|Stage 2]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Stage 2}}"| ~{{Period start|cambrian stage 2}}
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Fortunian}}"| [[Fortunian]]
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Fortunian}}"| ~{{Period start|fortunian}}&nbsp;±&nbsp;1.0<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|rowspan="18" style="background:{{period color|Precambrian}}"| [[Precambrian]]{{efn|name="aka-cryptozoic"|The [[Precambrian]] is also known as Cryptozoic.}}
 
−
|rowspan="10" style="background:{{period color|Proterozoic}}"| [[Proterozoic]]{{efn|name="Precambrian-Time"|The [[Proterozoic]], [[Archean]] and [[Hadean]] are often collectively referred to as the [[Precambrian]] or, sometimes, the Cryptozoic.}}
 
−
|rowspan="3" style="background:{{period color|Neoproterozoic}}"| [[Neoproterozoic]]{{efn|name="Precambrian-Time"}}
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Ediacaran}}"| [[Ediacaran]]
 
−
|colspan="3"| Good [[fossil]]s of the first [[Metazoa|multi-celled animal]]s. [[Ediacaran biota]] flourish worldwide in seas. Simple [[trace fossil]]s of possible worm-like ''[[Trichophycus pedum|Trichophycus]]'', etc. First [[Porifera|sponge]]s and [[Trilobita|trilobitomorph]]s. Enigmatic forms include many soft-jellied creatures shaped like bags, disks, or quilts (like ''[[Dickinsonia]]''). [[Taconic Orogeny]] in North America. [[Aravalli Range]] [[orogeny]] in [[Indian Subcontinent]]. Beginning of [[Petermann Orogeny]] on [[Australia (continent)|Australian continent]]. Beardmore Orogeny in Antarctica, 633&ndash;620 [[Year#SI prefix multipliers|Ma]].
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Ediacaran}}"| ~{{Period start|ediacaran}}<sup>*</sup>
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Cryogenian}}"| [[Cryogenian]]
 
−
|colspan="3"| Possible "[[Snowball Earth]]" period. [[Fossil]]s still rare. [[Rodinia]] landmass begins to break up. Late Ruker / Nimrod Orogeny in Antarctica tapers off.
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Cryogenian}}"| ~{{Period start|cryogenian}}{{efn|name="absolute-age"|Defined by absolute age ([[Global Standard Stratigraphic Age]]).}}
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Tonian}}"| [[Tonian]]
 
−
|colspan="3"| [[Rodinia]] supercontinent persists. [[Sveconorwegian orogeny]] ends. [[Trace fossil]]s of simple [[multicellular|multi-celled]] [[Eukaryota|eukaryote]]s. First radiation of [[dinoflagellate]]-like [[acritarch]]s. [[Grenville Orogeny]] tapers off in North America. [[Pan-African orogeny]] in Africa. Lake Ruker / Nimrod Orogeny in Antarctica, 1,000&nbsp;±&nbsp;150 [[Year#SI prefix multipliers|Ma]]. Edmundian Orogeny (c. 920 – 850 [[Year#SI prefix multipliers|Ma]]), [[Gascoyne Complex]], Western Australia. Deposition of [[Adelaide Superbasin]] and [[Centralian Superbasin]] begins on [[Australia (continent)|Australian continent]].
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Tonian}}"| {{Period start|tonian}}{{efn|name="absolute-age"}}
 
−
|-
 
−
|rowspan="3" style="background:{{period color|Mesoproterozoic}}"| [[Mesoproterozoic]]{{efn|name="Precambrian-Time"}}
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Stenian}}"| [[Stenian]]
 
−
|colspan="3"| Narrow highly [[Metamorphic rock|metamorphic]] belts due to [[orogeny]] as [[Rodinia]] forms. [[Sveconorwegian orogeny]] starts. Late Ruker / Nimrod Orogeny in Antarctica possibly begins. Musgrave Orogeny (c. 1,080 [[Year#SI prefix multipliers|Ma]]), [[Musgrave Block]], [[Central Australia]].
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Stenian}}"| {{Period start|stenian}}{{efn|name="absolute-age"}}
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Ectasian}}"| [[Ectasian]]
 
−
|colspan="3"| [[Platform cover]]s continue to expand. [[Green algae]] [[colony (biology)|colonies]] in the seas. [[Grenville Orogeny]] in North America.
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Ectasian}}"| {{Period start|ectasian}}{{efn|name="absolute-age"}}
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Calymmian}}"| [[Calymmian]]
 
−
|colspan="3"| [[Platform cover]]s expand. Barramundi Orogeny, [[McArthur Basin]], [[Northern Australia]], and Isan Orogeny, [[circa|c.]]1,600 [[Year#SI prefix multipliers|Ma]], Mount Isa Block, Queensland
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Calymmian}}"| {{Period start|calymmian}}{{efn|name="absolute-age"}}
 
−
|-
 
−
|rowspan="4" style="background:{{period color|Paleoproterozoic}}"| [[Paleoproterozoic]]{{efn| name="Precambrian-Time"}}
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Statherian}}"| [[Statherian]]
 
−
|colspan="3"| First [[Eukaryote|complex single-celled life]]: [[protist]]s with nuclei, [[Francevillian biota]]. [[Columbia (supercontinent)|Columbia]] is the primordial supercontinent. Kimban Orogeny in Australian continent ends. Yapungku Orogeny on [[Yilgarn craton]], in Western Australia. Mangaroon Orogeny, 1,680&ndash;1,620 [[Year#SI prefix multipliers|Ma]], on the [[Gascoyne Complex]] in Western Australia. Kararan Orogeny (1,650 [[Year#SI prefix multipliers|Ma]]), Gawler Craton, [[South Australia]].
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Statherian}}"| {{Period start|statherian}}{{efn|name="absolute-age"}}
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Orosirian}}"| [[Orosirian]]
 
−
|colspan="3"| The [[Atmosphere of Earth|atmosphere]] becomes [[oxygen]]ic. [[Vredefort crater|Vredefort]] and [[Sudbury Basin]] asteroid impacts. Much [[orogeny]]. [[Penokean orogeny|Penokean]] and [[Trans-Hudsonian Orogeny|Trans-Hudsonian Orogenies]] in North America. Early Ruker Orogeny in Antarctica, 2,000–1,700 [[Year#SI prefix multipliers|Ma]]. Glenburgh Orogeny, [[Gascoyne Complex|Glenburgh Terrane]], [[Australia (continent)|Australian continent]] [[circa|c.]] 2,005–1,920 [[Year#SI prefix multipliers|Ma]]. Kimban Orogeny, [[Gawler craton]] in Australian continent begins.
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Orosirian}}"| {{Period start|orosirian}}{{efn|name="absolute-age"}}
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Rhyacian}}"| [[Rhyacian]]
 
−
|colspan="3"| [[Bushveld Igneous Complex]] forms. [[Huronian]] glaciation.
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Rhyacian}}"| {{Period start|rhyacian}}{{efn|name="absolute-age"}}
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Siderian}}"| [[Siderian]]
 
−
|colspan="3"| [[Oxygen catastrophe]]: [[banded iron formation]]s forms. Sleaford Orogeny on [[Australia (continent)|Australian continent]], [[Gawler Craton]] 2,440&ndash;2,420 [[Year#SI prefix multipliers|Ma]].
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Siderian}}"| {{Period start|siderian}}{{efn|name="absolute-age"}}
 
−
|-
 
−
|rowspan="4" style="background:{{period color|Archean}}"| [[Archean]]{{efn|name="Precambrian-Time"}}
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Neoarchean}}"| [[Neoarchean]]{{efn|name="Precambrian-Time"}}
 
−
|colspan="4"| Stabilization of most modern [[craton]]s; possible [[Mantle (geology)|mantle]] overturn event. Insell Orogeny, 2,650&nbsp;±&nbsp;150 [[Year#SI prefix multipliers|Ma]]. [[Abitibi greenstone belt]] in present-day [[Ontario]] and [[Quebec]] begins to form, stabilizes by 2,600 [[Year#SI prefix multipliers|Ma]].
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Neoarchean}}"| {{Period start|neoarchean}}{{efn|name="absolute-age"}}
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Mesoarchean}}"| [[Mesoarchean]]{{efn|name="Precambrian-Time"}}
 
−
|colspan="4"| First [[stromatolite]]s (probably [[colony (biology)|colonial]] [[cyanobacteria]]). Oldest [[macrofossil]]s. Humboldt Orogeny in Antarctica. [[Blake River Megacaldera Complex]] begins to form in present-day [[Ontario]] and [[Quebec]], ends by roughly 2,696 [[Year#SI prefix multipliers|Ma]].
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Mesoarchean}}"| {{Period start|mesoarchean}}{{efn|name="absolute-age"}}
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Paleoarchean}}"| [[Paleoarchean]]{{efn|name="Precambrian-Time"}}
 
−
|colspan="4"| First known [[phototroph|oxygen-producing]] [[bacteria]]. Oldest definitive [[microfossils]]. Oldest [[craton]]s on Earth (such as the [[Canadian Shield]] and the [[Pilbara Craton]]) may have formed during this period.{{efn|name="Oldest-craton"|The age of the oldest measurable [[craton]], or [[continental crust]], is dated to 3,600–3,800 Ma.}} Rayner Orogeny in Antarctica.
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Paleoarchean}}"| {{Period start|paleoarchean}}{{efn|name="absolute-age"}}
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Eoarchean}}"| [[Eoarchean]]{{efn|name="Precambrian-Time"}}
 
−
|colspan="4"| [[Prokaryote|Simple single-celled life]] (probably [[bacteria]] and [[archaea]]). Oldest probable [[microfossil]]s. The first [[organism|life form]]s and [[self-replication|self-replicating]] [[RNA]] [[molecule]]s evolve around 4,000 [[Year#SI prefix multipliers|Ma]], after the [[Late Heavy Bombardment]] ends on Earth. [[Napier Mountains|Napier]] Orogeny in Antarctica, 4,000&nbsp;±&nbsp;200 [[Year#SI prefix multipliers|Ma]].
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Eoarchean}}"| ~{{Period start|eoarchean}}
 
−
|-
 
−
|rowspan="4" style="background:{{period color|Hadean}}"| [[Hadean]]{{efn|name="Precambrian-Time"}}{{efn|name="hadeon-not-formal"|Though commonly used, the [[Hadean]] is not a formal eon<ref name="OggEtAl2016">{{cite book | title=A Concise Geologic Time Scale: 2016 | publisher=Elsevier | first1=J.G. | last1=Ogg | first2=G. | last2=Ogg | first3=F.M. | last3=Gradstein | year=2016 | pages=20 | isbn=978-0-444-63771-0}}</ref> and no lower bound for the Archean and Eoarchean have been agreed upon. The Hadean has also sometimes been called the Priscoan or the Azoic. Sometimes, the Hadean can be found to be subdivided according to the [[lunar geologic timescale]]. These eras include the [[Cryptic era|Cryptic]] and [[Basin Groups]] (which are subdivisions of the [[Pre-Nectarian]] era), [[Nectarian]], and [[Early Imbrian]] units.}}
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Hadean}}"| [[Early Imbrian]] ([[Neohadean]]) (unofficial){{efn|name="Precambrian-Time"}}{{efn|name="Lunar-geologic-timescale-names"|These unit names were taken from the [[lunar geologic timescale]] and refer to geologic events that did not occur on Earth. Their use for Earth geology is unofficial. Note that their start times do not dovetail perfectly with the later, terrestrially defined boundaries.}}
 
−
|colspan="4"| Indirect [[photosynthetic]] evidence (e.g., [[kerogen]]) of primordial life. This era overlaps the beginning of the [[Late Heavy Bombardment]] of the [[Inner Solar System|Inner]] [[Solar System]], produced possibly by the planetary migration of [[Neptune]] into the [[Kuiper belt]] as a result of orbital resonances between [[Jupiter]] and [[Saturn]]. Oldest known rock (4,031 to 3,580 [[Year#SI prefix multipliers|Ma]]).<ref name="Oldest-rock">{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/s004100050465|title=Priscoan (4.00&ndash;4.03 Ga) orthogneisses from northwestern Canada|year=1999|last1=Bowring|first1=Samuel A.|journal=Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology|volume=134|issue=1|pages=3|last2=Williams|first2=Ian S.|bibcode=1999CoMP..134....3B|s2cid=128376754}} The oldest rock on Earth is the [[Acasta Gneiss]], and it dates to 4.03 Ga, located in the [[Northwest Territories]] of Canada.</ref>
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Hadean}}"| 4130<ref name="goldblatt2010" />
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Hadean}}"| [[Nectarian]] ([[Mesohadean]]) (unofficial){{efn|name="Precambrian-Time"}}{{efn|name="Lunar-geologic-timescale-names"}}
 
−
|colspan="4"|  Possible first appearance of [[plate tectonic]]s. This unit gets its name from the [[lunar geologic timescale]] when the [[Nectaris Basin]] and other greater [[lunar basin]]s form by big [[impact event]]s.  Earliest evidence for life based on unusually high amounts of light isotopes of carbon, a common sign of life.
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Hadean}}"| 4280<ref name="goldblatt2010" />
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Hadean}}"| [[Basin Groups]] ([[Paleohadean]]) (unofficial){{efn|name="Precambrian-Time"}}{{efn| name="Lunar-geologic-timescale-names"}}
 
−
|colspan="4"|End of the Early Bombardment Phase. Oldest known [[mineral]] ([[Zircon]], 4,404&nbsp;±&nbsp;8 [[Year#SI prefix multipliers|Ma]]).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wilde|first1=Simon A.|last2=Valley|first2=John W.|last3=Peck|first3=William H.|last4=Graham|first4=Colin M.|date=2001|title=Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr ago|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/35051550|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=409|issue=6817|pages=175–178|doi=10.1038/35051550|pmid=11196637|s2cid=4319774|issn=0028-0836|via=}}</ref> Asteroids and comets bring water to Earth.<ref name="geology-wisc-edu">{{Cite web|url=http://www.geology.wisc.edu/%7Evalley/zircons/Wilde2001Nature.pdf|title=Geology.wisc.edu}}</ref>
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Hadean}}"| 4533<ref name="goldblatt2010" />
 
−
|-
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Hadean}}"| [[Cryptic era|Cryptic]] ([[Cryptic era|Eohadean]]) (unofficial){{efn|name="Precambrian-Time"}}{{efn|name="Lunar-geologic-timescale-names"}}
 
−
|colspan="4"| Formation of [[Moon]] (4,533 to 4,527 [[Year#SI prefix multipliers|Ma]]), probably from [[Giant impact hypothesis|giant impact]], since the end of this era. Formation of Earth (4,570 to 4,567.17 [[Year#SI prefix multipliers|Ma]]), Early Bombardment Phase begins. Formation of [[Sun]] (4,680 to 4,630 [[Year#SI prefix multipliers|Ma]]) <!--(Before the Hadean eon)-->.
 
−
|style="background:{{period color|Hadean}}"| {{Period start|hadean}}
 
−
|}
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
 
</div>
 
</div>
 
</div>
 
</div>

Revision as of 16:42, 13 October 2020

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H-fwl6pMVLA


The origin and formation of the Universe, the Solar System, and the Earth

The origin and formation of Earth

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Earth

Table of geologic time: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologic_time_scale#Table_of_geologic_time

The origin and formation of the Solar System

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System

The big bang









The big bang

The big bang

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